investigation of the effects of using an enzyme-probiotic combination on broilers performance

Growth promoters are chemical and biological substances that are added to livestock food with the aim to improve the growth of chickens in fattening and the utilization of food, and in this way achieve better production and financial results. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of enzyme complex, probiotic, and their combination on performance of broilers fed a basal wheat-barley-soybean meal diet from 1 to 47 d of age. A total of 480-dayold male broiler chicks [Arbor Acres] were randomly assigned to 6 treatments, with 4 replicate cages per treatment and 20 birds per cage. The experiment consisted of a 3x2 factorial arrangement of the treatments, with 3 concentrations of enzyme complex [0, half of the commercial suggested level or commercial suggested level] and 2 concentrations of probiotic [0 and suggested level]. Results showed that the suggested level of enzyme complex could improve body weight and feed conversion ratio [p<0.05], but addition of probiotic only decreased the feed conversion ratio [p<0.05]. There was no interaction between enzyme complex and probiotic on performance [p>0.05]. Probiotic supplementation did not improve the efficacy of enzyme complex at any levels. The examination of length and relative weight of different regions of intestine showed that only enzyme complex could decrease the relative weight of duodenum and length of jejunum; however, there was no interaction between treatments for these parameters. This research did not demonstrate any interaction effect between enzyme complex and probiotic on broilers performance fed wheat-barley-soybean meal diet

An experimental study on broiler chicken co-infected with the specimens containing avian influenza [H9 subtype] and infectious bronchitis [4/91 strain] viruses

This experimental study was carried out to induce a co-infection of H9 AIV and IBV with inoculums prepared from tracheal scrubbed epithelium tissues in natural co-infected birds to rule out the effect of field undesired environmental conditions and also other infectious causative agents. Eighty 1-day-old broilers were randomly divided into four equal groups. At 21 days of age, three test groups were inoculated intranasally with prepared inoculums containing IBV and H9 AIV alone and a co-infected group

The fourth group remained uninfected as a control group

The results showed that experimental co-infection of AIV and IBV increased the severity of clinical signs, mortality rate and gross lesions

The HI titer against AIV infection in the co-infected group was significantly higher than the HI titer of other groups, which may indicate that IBV could promote the propagation of H9N2 AIV or stimulate the immune response?

[HER2/neu and alpha SMA expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma]

Statement of Problem: Squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] is the most common cancer of the mouth, but its pathogenesis is unknown. HER2/neu is a protoncogene with homologue sequence with EGF. SMA is a smooth muscle specific actin which indicates the existence of myofibroblasts in the oral cancer stroma

Purpose: This study aimed to measure the frequency of Her2/neu and [alpha] SMAin oral SCC

Materials and Method: For this study, 18 paraffinized blocks of OSCC were immunostained with Anti HER2/neu, Anti [Alpha] SMA. Percentage and degree of the epithelial cells staining and percentage staining of myofibroblasts were considered. The results of the study were analyzed using kappa and X[2]

Results: From 18 cases of OSCC, 3 and 12 cases were positive with HER2/neu and SMA, respectively. In the normal oral mucosa, one case was positive [Score 2] with HER2/neu but SMA positive myofibroblasts were not seen in the stroma of OSCC. A significant difference was seen in SMA expression in OSCC and the normal oral mucosa [p =0.002]. No significant difference was found in HER2/neu expression in OSCC and normal mucosa [p >0.05]

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that SMA has an effective role in pathogenesis and aggressive behavior of OSCC but HER2/neu has no main role in this type of oral cancer

[Gorlin cyst and clinicopathological aspects]

Gorlin cyst is an odontogenic lesion with different clinical behavior. There are different ideas about its nature as a cyst or tumor. The purpose of this study is evaluation of the frequency as well as clinical, pathological and radiographic aspects and also the related treatment. In a retrospective study, archive files of Dental Faculty of Babul from 2003-2009 were evaluated. The records of those patients with Gorlin cyst were excluded. After extraction of all the required information, they were recorded in SPSS, version 17. Frequencies of the mentioned cyst and also patients' recorded information were analyzed by Fisher exact test. From 443 patients with oral lesions; 20 cases were reported with Gorlin cyst [an average age of 28.4], 19 cases with central lesion and 16 cases with mandible lesion and 10 cases were found in male. According to the Radiographic reports; 14 cases were pericoronal radiolucency, 2 cases were periapical radiolucency and 2 cases were radiolucent radiopaque. Only one case was revealed with residual cyst. Various kinds of proliferative [1 case], non proliferative [11 cases], correlate with tumor [5 cases] and ameloblastomatous [3 cases] were observed pathologically. Treatment approaches differed from Enucleation [n=13] to Enucleation and currettage [n=5] to Marginal resection [n=2]. Gorlin cyst is less common among all the oral lesions. It was found that Gorlin cyst was more common in mandible in second half of the life and its frequency between male and female was the same. Central lesions were more common than peripheral. The most common radiographic, pathological and treatment aspects of Gorlin cyst sequentially consisted of pericoronal radiolucency, non proliferative and enucleation

[Effect of inflammation on expression of Ki67, BCL-2 in odontogenic kertocyst]

Odontogenic keratocyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst. However, inflammation has been reported in the connective tissue layer of this cyst. On the other hand, Ki67 is a proliferation marker while, BCL-2 protein is an anti-apoptotic marker. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inflammation on expression of ki67 and BCL-2 in odontogenic keratocyst. This retrospective descriptive analytic study was conducted with 20 cases of OKC. Specimens were divided into two groups of inflamed [n=10] and none-inflamed OKC. Two sections of 3micro m, and 5fim were dissected from each specimen. This step was followed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining first and then immunohistochemistry staining was performed using monoclonal antibody for Ki67 and BCL-2. Number of nucleus and cytoplasm of immunostained epithelial cells with Ki67 and BCL-2 in 1000 serial epithelial cells were considered as the labeling index [LI]. Inflammatory infiltration density was recorded for each HPF by looking at the depth of adjacent basement membrane. The average inflammatory score and average labeling index were calculated for further comparison. Data was evaluated using Roc curve and student T-test analysis. The mean Ki67 labeling index in all linings of inflamed and non-inflamed OKC was [19.8 +/- 0.88%], [17.9 +/- 1.03%] respectively. The mean BCL-2 labeling index in all linings of inflamed and non-inflamed OKC was [36.06 +/- 1.09%], [37.2 +/- 0.75%] respectively. The Ki67 and BCL-2 labeling index demonstrated significant differences between inflamed and non-inflamed OKC [P<0.05]. The HPF in inflamed cyst, showed an increase in Ki67 expression and decrease in BCL-2 expression when compared with non-inflamed HPF [P<0.001]. Moderate and severe inflammation can affect the overall proliferation activity of OKC epithelium. An increase in Ki67 expression and decrease in BCL-2 expression can be observed in inflamed OKC especially adjacent to basement membrane

BCL-2 expression infollicular cyst and odontogenic keratocyst

Odontogenic keratocyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst with aggressive behavior and tendency to high recurrence. The cyst's epithelium shows more potential for growth than follicular cyst. On the other hand, BCL-2 is an anti apoptotic protein that can increase the longevity of epithelial cells. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the immunoreactivity in different layers and linings of both epitheliums of the follicular cyst and odontogenic keratacyst using BCL-2 anti-apoptotic marker. A retrospective descriptive study design was employed in order to evaluate 20 paraffin blacks of odontogenic keratocyst and 20 paraffin blocks of follicular cyst. The immunohistochemistry staining method was used together with BCL-2 marker [Anti BCL-2, Clone 124, Isotype: IgG, Kappa, Dako, Denmark].The cytoplasms of epithelial cells were immunostained in different layers and all linings of the epithelium for both cysts, in 1000 epithelial cell counts. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software, and Roc Curve analysis as well as student T-test in order to prepare and report the results. Immunoreactivity with BCL-2 marker was 98.5 [ +/- 1.4%] in Basal layer, 12.1 [ +/- 3.2%] in intermediate, and null [0] in the surface layer of odontogenic keratocyst. Immunoreactivity with BCL-2 marker in basal layer was 2.1 [ +/- 1.9%] but the surface and intermediate layers did not immunostained with BCL-2 marker. The mean number of epithelial cells, positive for BCL-2, in all linings of follicular cyst was 0.7 [ +/- 0.63%] and in odontogenic keratocyst was 36.8 [ +/- 1.5%]. The mean immunoreactivity difference in layers of odontogenic keratocyst was statistically significant [P < 0.001]. However, the mean difference in immunoreactivity with BCL-2 marker was not significant [P > 0.05] in different layers of follicular cysts. Based on the results of this study, BCL-2 seams to be involved in pathogenesis of the odontogenic keratocyst. Likewise, the over-expression of BCL-2 marker in basal layer of odontogenic keratocyst was associated with increased recurrence and aggressive behavior of odontogenic keratocyst when compared with follicular cyst. Therefor, it can be suggested that the overexpression of BCL-2 in basal layer of odontogenic keratocyst can be considered as a useful marker to differentiate it from follicular cyst

Report of a Case-An uncommon calcifying odontogenic cyst [ameloblastomatous type]

Calcifying odontogenic cyst is an uncommon odontogenic lesion that demonstrates variable clinical behaviour and considerable histopathologic diversity and accounts for only [1%] of jaw cysts reported. This cyst is derived from odontogenic epithelial remants within the gingiva or within the mandible or maxilla and it may be associated with the recognized odontogenic tumors most commonly odontoma but rarely, ameloblastoma, Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, or odonto Amelobalstoma. This case is presented here for its rarity and difference between ameloblastomatous calcifying odontofenic cyst and ameloblastoma along with calcifying odontogenic cysts. Because the prognosis and treatment procedures are different in Ameloblastomatous COC and COC with Amelobalstoma, their differential diagnosis is necessary. The patient was a 22-year old male referred to dental office for filling of surface caries 6, 7. A painless swelling that had been present for approximately 2 months was observed. Panoramic radiography showed a well defined multilocular radiolucency. Microscopic examination reported calcifying odontogenic cyst [ameloblastomatous type]. Treatment was done with simple enucleation. In 11 month follow up, no recurrence was reported. Calcifying odontogenic cyst [Ameloblastomatous] microscopically resembles unicystic Ameloblastoma except for the ghost ceils and dystropic calcifications within the proliferative epithelium. There has always been confusion about its nature as a cyst, neoplasm or hamartoma. This cyst, microscopically, shows ameloblastic proliferation in the connective tissue but no characteristics of Basal cell hyperchromatism, vacuolization and nuclear polarization which is often seen in ameloblastoma, are present here. Ameloblastoma ex COC and ameloblastomatous COC are morphologically entirely different and easily distinguishable

Comparing acute clinical intrahemodialysis complications and biocompatibility of polysulfone versus hemophane membranes

The membranes used in haemodialysis may be manufactured from cellulose, modified cellulose or synthetic polymers. Such membranes, when in contact with blood will activate the complement system, which entails changes in leukocyte and platelet counts. Polysulfone is a synthetic membrane of high biocompatibility standards, whereas haemophane membranes are modified cellulose-based membranes. The biocompatible profiles of these membranes, has been studied by clinical reactions [i.e. hypotension, nausea, pruritis, ...] during dialysis sessions. Both kinds of these membranes are used in Iran. The number and severity of these reactions define the degree of dialysis biocompatibility. In a clinical trial study which was carried out in Imam Khomeini hospital hi Tehran, 100 hemodialysis patients were enrolled to this investigation. Their clinical reactions were compared during 3 sessions of hemodialysis with polysulfone and 3 sessions of hemodialysis with hemophan membrane. Each patient was the control of him/herself. Data was analyzed using Chi square test. Mean age of patients was 48.85 +/- 17.56 years and 39% of them were female. The most common complications were hypotension and muscle cramps [each 21.5%]. Hypotension was higher in sessions of polysulfon versus hemophane [18% versus 25%] but was not significantly different. Also other complications such as muscle cramp, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, headache, chills and fever had no signific n difference. Seizure did not occur in any patient. According to our findings the membrane's type has no role in acute clinical complications during hemodialysis and in most patients, membranes can be used according to their availability. It seems their biocompatibility has no considerable clinical difference

[Identification of hard ticks species [Ixodidae] in cattle of Amolarea]

To identify genus and species of hard ticks [Ixodidae] in cattle of Amol area. Cross-sectional study. Cattle. Six hundered and ninty six ixodid ticks were collected from cattle of Amol area. Ticks on cattle from Amol area [Province of Mazandaran, Iran] were collected and transferred to Parasitology laboratory by means of universal tubes containing Alcohol- Glycerin. After preparing the specimen, genus and species were identified by a stereomicroscope. Five hundered and seventy one cattle [82.04%] out of 696, were infected with Boophilus anuulatus as dominant hard tick. The other ticks were Rhipicephalus bursa [14.66%], Haemaphysalis concinna [2.44%] and Ixodes ricinus [0.86%]. According to the results, Boophilus annulatus is dominant ixodid tick of the cattle in Amol area. This species may play an important role in epidemiology of babesiosis, caused by Babesia bigemina in cattle

[Relationship between ADPKD and post renal transplant diabetes mellitus]

Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease [ADPKD], a common hereditary disease, is characterized by the progressive development and enlargement of multiple cysts in both kidneys, and typically resulting in end stage renal disease [ESRD] by the fifth decade of life. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus [PTDM], a common complication after transplantation with an incidence rate of 2.5-20%, is associated with poor graft and patient survival. In few studies, PTDM has been more frequent in ADPKD transplanted patients. In the present study, we investigated whether there is any association between PTDM and ADPKD in our patients. In this prospective study, 140 non-diabetic and nonsmoker successfully transplanted patients [27 ADPKD and 113 non ADPKD patients] were enrolled during three years. Both groups were matched for age, sex, body mass index [BMI], duration of renal replacement therapy before transplantation and also immunosuppressive protocols after transplant. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus was defined as Clinical Practice Guidelines advocated by Canadian Diabetes Association. All patients were followed for 12 months. PTDM occurred in 11.1% of ADPKD patients and in 13.1% of control group which was statistically insignificant [P > 0.05]. The development of PTDM in ADPKD group was not related to sex, age, and hypertension, duration of renal replacement therapy before transplantation, BMI and serum creatinine levels [P > 0.05]. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus appears not to be associated with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease as an etiology of end stage renal disease